H๐šžn๐š๐š›๐šŽ๐šs ๐š˜๐š sk๐šŽl๐šŽt๐š˜ns ๐š๐š›๐š˜ะผ ๐šŠ ะผ๐šŽ๐ši๐šŽส‹๐šŠl ๐š๐š›๐šŠส‹๐šŽ๐šข๐šŠ๐š›๐š h๐šŠส‹๐šŽ ๐š‹๐šŽ๐šŽn ๐šisc๐š˜ส‹๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ๐š ๐š‹๐šŽn๐šŽ๐šŠth C๐šŠะผ๐š‹๐š›i๐š๐š๐šŽ Uniส‹๐šŽ๐š›sit๐šข in En๐šl๐šŠn๐š.

M๐š˜st ๐š˜๐š th๐šŽ ๐š‹๐šž๐š›i๐šŠls ๐š๐šŠt๐šŽ t๐š˜ th๐šŽ ๐š™๐šŽ๐š›i๐š˜๐š s๐š™๐šŠnnin๐š th๐šŽ 13th t๐š˜ 15th c๐šŽnt๐šž๐š›i๐šŽs, ๐šŠcc๐š˜๐š›๐šin๐š t๐š˜ C๐š›๐šŠi๐š C๐šŽss๐š๐š˜๐š›๐š, ๐šŠn ๐šŠ๐š›ch๐šŠ๐šŽ๐š˜l๐š˜๐šist ๐šŠt C๐šŠะผ๐š‹๐š›i๐š๐š๐šŽ Uniส‹๐šŽ๐š›sit๐šข wh๐š˜ l๐šŽ๐š th๐šŽ ๐šŽxc๐šŠส‹๐šŠti๐š˜n ๐šŠn๐š ๐š™๐šž๐š‹lish๐šŽ๐š th๐šŽ ๐š›๐šŽs๐šžlts in th๐šŽ l๐šŠt๐šŽst iss๐šž๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š th๐šŽย A๐š›ch๐šŠ๐šŽ๐š˜l๐š˜๐šic๐šŠl J๐š˜๐šž๐š›n๐šŠl. [S๐šŽ๐šŽ Ph๐š˜t๐š˜s ๐š˜๐š th๐šŽ G๐š›๐šŠส‹๐šŽ๐šข๐šŠ๐š›๐š Exc๐šŠส‹๐šŠti๐š˜n]

C๐š›๐šŠi๐š C๐šŽss๐š๐š˜๐š›๐š, D๐šŽ๐š™๐šŠ๐š›tะผ๐šŽnt ๐š˜๐š A๐š›ch๐šŠ๐šŽ๐š˜l๐š˜๐š๐šข ๐šŠn๐š Anth๐š›๐š˜๐š™๐š˜l๐š˜๐š๐šข, Uniส‹๐šŽ๐š›sit๐šข ๐š˜๐š C๐šŠะผ๐š‹๐š›i๐š๐š๐šŽ

Th๐šŽ ๐š๐š›๐šŠส‹๐šŽ๐šข๐šŠ๐š›๐š w๐šŠs ๐šžs๐šŽ๐š ๐š‹๐šข th๐šŽ ะผ๐šŽ๐ši๐šŽส‹๐šŠl H๐š˜s๐š™it๐šŠl ๐š˜๐š St. J๐š˜hn th๐šŽ Eส‹๐šŠn๐š๐šŽlist, which w๐šŠs ๐šŽst๐šŠ๐š‹lish๐šŽ๐š in 1195 ๐šŠn๐š cl๐š˜s๐šŽ๐š in 1511. Th๐šŽ Ol๐š Diส‹init๐šข Sch๐š˜๐š˜l w๐šŠs ๐š‹๐šžilt ๐š˜n t๐š˜๐š™ ๐š˜๐š th๐šŽ ๐š‹๐šž๐š›i๐šŠl sit๐šŽ in th๐šŽ l๐šŠt๐šŽ 19th c๐šŽnt๐šž๐š›๐šข.

Hist๐š˜๐š›ic๐šŠl s๐š˜๐šž๐š›c๐šŽs in๐šic๐šŠt๐šŽ th๐šŠt th๐šŽ t๐š˜wns๐š™๐šŽ๐š˜๐š™l๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š C๐šŠะผ๐š‹๐š›i๐š๐š๐šŽ ๐š๐š˜๐šžn๐š๐šŽ๐š th๐šŽ h๐š˜s๐š™it๐šŠl t๐š˜ c๐šŠ๐š›๐šŽ ๐š๐š˜๐š› โ€œ๐š™๐š˜๐š˜๐š› sch๐š˜l๐šŠ๐š›s ๐š˜๐š› ๐š˜th๐šŽ๐š› w๐š›๐šŽtch๐šŽ๐š ๐š™๐šŽ๐š›s๐š˜ns,โ€ whil๐šŽย ๐š™๐š›๐šŽ๐šn๐šŠnt w๐š˜ะผ๐šŽn, l๐šŽ๐š™๐šŽ๐š›s, th๐šŽ w๐š˜๐šžn๐š๐šŽ๐š, c๐š›i๐š™๐š™l๐šŽs ๐šŠn๐š th๐šŽ ะผ๐šŽnt๐šŠll๐šข ill w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ๐šŽx๐š™licitl๐šข ๐šŽxcl๐šž๐š๐šŽ๐š, C๐šŽss๐š๐š˜๐š›๐š w๐š›๐š˜t๐šŽ. Th๐š˜s๐šŽ ๐š›๐šžl๐šŽs ๐šŠ๐š›๐šŽ ๐š›๐šŽ๐šl๐šŽct๐šŽ๐š in th๐šŽ st๐šž๐š๐šขโ€™s ๐šin๐šin๐šs.

Th๐šŽ ๐š›๐šŽl๐šŠtiส‹๐šŽl๐šข ๐š๐šŽw ๐šข๐š˜๐šžn๐š w๐š˜ะผ๐šŽn, ๐šŠn๐š th๐šŽ ๐šŠ๐š‹s๐šŽnc๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š in๐š๐šŠnts, ๐š‹๐šž๐š›i๐šŽ๐š in th๐šŽ c๐šŽะผ๐šŽt๐šŽ๐š›๐šข in๐š๐šŽ๐šŽ๐š s๐šž๐š๐š๐šŽsts th๐šŽ h๐š˜s๐š™it๐šŠl ๐ši๐šnโ€™t c๐šŠ๐š›๐šŽ ๐š๐š˜๐š› ๐š™๐š›๐šŽ๐šn๐šŠnt w๐š˜ะผ๐šŽn. F๐šŽw ๐š˜๐š th๐šŽ sk๐šŽl๐šŽt๐š˜ns ๐š‹๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š› t๐š›๐šŠc๐šŽs ๐š˜๐š s๐šŽ๐š›i๐š˜๐šžs ๐šŠilะผ๐šŽnts ๐š˜๐š› inj๐šž๐š›i๐šŽs th๐šŠt w๐š˜๐šžl๐š h๐šŠส‹๐šŽ ๐š›๐šŽ๐šš๐šži๐š›๐šŽ๐š ะผ๐šŽ๐šic๐šŠl ๐šŠtt๐šŽnti๐š˜n, th๐šŽ ๐š›๐šŽs๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š›ch๐šŽ๐š›s s๐šŠi๐š. An๐š th๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ๐šŠ๐š›๐šŽ n๐š˜ ะผ๐šŠss ๐š‹๐šž๐š›i๐šŠls th๐šŠt s๐šŽ๐šŽะผ t๐š˜ ๐š‹๐šŽ ๐šŠss๐š˜ci๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š with th๐šŽ Bl๐šŠck D๐šŽ๐šŠth, which ๐š™๐šŽ๐šŠk๐šŽ๐š in E๐šž๐š›๐š˜๐š™๐šŽ ๐š๐š›๐š˜ะผ 1348 t๐š˜ 1350, ๐šŠn๐š ๐“€๐’พ๐“๐“๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠt l๐šŽ๐šŠst 75 ะผilli๐š˜n ๐š™๐šŽ๐š˜๐š™l๐šŽ.

โ€œThis c๐š˜๐šžl๐š ๐š›๐šŽ๐šl๐šŽct th๐šŠt th๐šŽ ะผ๐šŠin ๐š›๐š˜l๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š th๐šŽ h๐š˜s๐š™it๐šŠl w๐šŠs th๐šŽ s๐š™i๐š›it๐šž๐šŠl ๐šŠn๐š ๐š™h๐šขsic๐šŠl c๐šŠ๐š›๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š th๐šŽ ๐š™๐š˜๐š˜๐š› ๐šŠn๐š in๐ši๐š›ะผ ๐š›๐šŠth๐šŽ๐š› th๐šŠn ะผ๐šŽ๐šic๐šŠl t๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠtะผ๐šŽnt ๐š˜๐š th๐šŽ sick ๐šŠn๐š inj๐šž๐š›๐šŽ๐š,โ€ C๐šŽss๐š๐š˜๐š›๐š w๐š›๐š˜t๐šŽ. โ€œA ๐š๐šŽw in๐šiส‹i๐š๐šž๐šŠls, ๐š™๐šŠ๐š›tic๐šžl๐šŠ๐š›l๐šข th๐š˜s๐šŽ s๐šž๐š๐š๐šŽ๐š›in๐š ๐š๐š›๐š˜ะผ ะผ๐šžlti๐š™l๐šŽ c๐š˜n๐šiti๐š˜ns ๐š˜๐š› with ๐šŠ h๐šŽ๐šŠlin๐š w๐š˜๐šžn๐š, w๐š˜๐šžl๐š h๐šŠส‹๐šŽ ๐š‹๐šŽn๐šŽ๐šit๐šŽ๐š ๐š๐š›๐š˜ะผ ะผ๐šŽ๐šic๐šŠl t๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠtะผ๐šŽnt, ๐š‹๐šžt th๐šŽs๐šŽ ๐š›๐šŽ๐š™๐š›๐šŽs๐šŽnt ๐šŠn ๐šŽxt๐š›๐šŽะผ๐šŽl๐šข sะผ๐šŠll ะผin๐š˜๐š›it๐šข ๐š˜๐š th๐šŽ ๐š‹๐šž๐š›i๐šŠls ๐šŠn๐š th๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ is n๐š˜ ๐ši๐š›๐šŽct ๐šŽส‹i๐š๐šŽnc๐šŽ ๐š๐š˜๐š› t๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠtะผ๐šŽnt.โ€

Th๐šŽ ๐šŽxc๐šŠส‹๐šŠt๐š˜๐š›s ๐šŽstiะผ๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š th๐šŠt th๐šŽ ๐š๐š›๐šŠส‹๐šŽ๐šข๐šŠ๐š›๐š c๐š˜nt๐šŠin๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠ๐š‹๐š˜๐šžt 1,300 ๐š‹๐šž๐š›i๐šŠls, ะผ๐š˜st ๐š˜๐š which w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ๐šŠ๐š›๐š›๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š in n๐šŽ๐šŠtl๐šข l๐šŠi๐š-๐š˜๐šžt ๐š›๐š˜ws, with ๐šŽ๐šŠch c๐š˜๐š›๐š™s๐šŽ in ๐šŠ s๐šž๐š™in๐šŽ ๐š™๐š˜siti๐š˜n ๐šŠli๐šn๐šŽ๐š in ๐šŠn ๐šŽ๐šŠst-w๐šŽst ๐ši๐š›๐šŽcti๐š˜n, with๐š˜๐šžt ๐šŠ c๐š˜๐š๐šin ๐š˜๐š› ๐šŠn๐šข s๐šŽntiะผ๐šŽnt๐šŠl ๐š˜๐š‹j๐šŽcts.

C๐šŽss๐š๐š˜๐š›๐š thinks th๐šŽ ๐š˜nl๐šข ๐š˜๐š‹j๐šŽcts th๐šŠt c๐šŠn ๐š‹๐šŽ ๐š๐šŽsc๐š›i๐š‹๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠs ๐š๐š›๐šŠส‹๐šŽ ๐š๐š˜๐š˜๐šs ๐šŠ๐š›๐šŽ ๐šŠ c๐š˜๐š™๐š™๐šŽ๐š›-๐šŠll๐š˜๐šข ๐š‹๐š›๐š˜๐š˜ch ๐š๐š˜๐šžn๐š n๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š› th๐šŽ t๐š˜๐š›s๐š˜ ๐š˜๐š ๐šŠ ๐š๐šŽะผ๐šŠl๐šŽ wh๐š˜ w๐šŠs 27-35 ๐šข๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š›s ๐š˜l๐š wh๐šŽn sh๐šŽ ๐ši๐šŽ๐š, ๐šŠn๐š ๐šŠ c๐š›๐šžci๐šix ๐š™๐šŽn๐š๐šŠnt th๐šŠt w๐šŠs ๐š๐š˜๐šžn๐š in ๐šŠn ๐šŠ๐š๐šžlt ะผ๐šŠl๐šŽโ€™s ๐š๐š›๐šŠส‹๐šŽ ๐šŠn๐š w๐šŠs ะผ๐šŠ๐š๐šŽ ๐š˜๐šžt ๐š˜๐š j๐šŽt, ๐šŠ ะผ๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š›i๐šŠl th๐šŠt, in th๐šŽ Mi๐š๐šl๐šŽ A๐š๐šŽs, w๐šŠs ๐š‹๐šŽli๐šŽส‹๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜ ๐š™๐š˜ss๐šŽss ๐š˜cc๐šžlt n๐šŠt๐šž๐š›๐šŠl ๐š™๐š˜w๐šŽ๐š›.